The following are the stages of the development of events:
- 2011: The first protests against Lion It quickly spread across the country, and security forces faced arrests and bullets.
- Some protesters took up arms and military units defected as the protests turned into an armed rebellion backed by outside forces.
- A bomb attack took place in Damascus, the first of its kind carried out by the Al-Nusra Front, the new branch of Al-Qaeda in Syria.
- World powers met in Geneva and agreed on the need for a political transition, but their divisions over how to achieve it ultimately led to years of UN-sponsored peace efforts.
- Assad directed his air force towards opposition strongholds as the fighters controlled more territory, escalating the war with casualties on both sides.
- 2013: Help Hezbollah Lebanon’s Assad regime has claimed victory in Qusair, halting the momentum of the armed opposition and demonstrating the growing role of the Iran-backed group in the conflict.
- Washington has made the use of chemical weapons a red line, but a sarin attack on opposition-held Eastern Ghouta near Damascus killed dozens of civilians without prompting a US military response.
- 2014: ISIS suddenly took control of Raqqa in the northeast and large areas of Syria and Iraq.
- Opposition militants in Old Homs surrendered and agreed to move to another area in their first major defeat in a major urban area, paving the way for subsequent “evacuation” agreements.
- Washington formed a coalition against ISIS and began carrying out airstrikes, which helped Kurdish forces stem the tide of extremists but raised tensions with its ally Turkey.
- 2015: Thanks to improved cooperation and access to weapons from abroad, opposition groups have been able to gain more territory and control northwestern Idlib, but militants are now playing a bigger role.
- Russia joined the war to support Assad with airstrikes that turned the tide of the conflict in favor of government forces for years to come.
- 2016: Concerned about Kurdish advances on the border, Turkey launched an incursion with allied opposition groups, establishing a new region under Turkish control.
- He succeeded Syrian army And its allies managed to defeat the opposition in Aleppo, which was considered at the time the greatest victory of the Syrian forces in the war.
- Jabhat al-Nusra broke away from al-Qaeda and began trying to present itself with a moderate image, giving itself a number of new names before finally settling on Hai’at Tahrir al-Sham.
- 2017: Israel has admitted to launching airstrikes against Hezbollah in Syria, aimed at weakening the growing power of Iran and its allies.
- US-backed Kurdish-led forces defeated ISIS in Raqqa, and this and another attack by the Syrian army eventually drove the extremist group from almost all of the territory it had captured.
- 2018: The Syrian army recaptured Eastern Ghouta, before quickly recovering other opposition enclaves in central Syria, then Daraa, its southern stronghold.
- 2019: ISIS has lost its last stronghold in Syria. The United States decided to keep some of its forces in the country to prevent attacks on its Kurdish allies.
- 2020: Russia supported the attack by government forces, which ended with a ceasefire with Turkey. Fighting has frozen on most front lines, and Syrian forces have taken control of most of the territory and all major cities.
- Rebels controlled the northwest, while Turkish-backed forces took control of the border strip and Kurdish-led forces controlled the northeast.
- 2023: Hamas’s attack on Israel occurred on October 7, sparking fighting between Israel and Lebanon’s Hezbollah that would eventually reduce the group’s presence in Syria and undermine government control.
- 2024: The opposition is launching a new assault on Aleppo, and with Assad’s allies focusing on other areas, the army is collapsing rapidly.
- 8 days after the fall of Aleppo, opposition forces control most of the major cities and enter Damascus to fall Assad rules.